Causes of the American War of Independence - 1229 Words

The American Revolution is usually seen as being the same thing as the American War for Independence, starting in 1775 with the battle of Lexington and ending in 1783 with the treaty of Paris. This popular misconception has lead to the most important has lead to the real revolution being forgotten, the change in the way countries are governed and the ideas that lead to it. With the end of the French and Indian wars, the first worldwide war, the British found themselves with a huge national debt. The only reason they won the war was that their treasury lasted longer than the French treasury. As part of the agreement for peace, the French offered to give all their holdings in America to the British. These new acquisitions were a†¦show more content†¦Samuel Adams organise the Boson Tea Party in which 342 chests of tea were thrown in the water as a way of saying they would not accept British tyranny. The point had been reached where you had to choose between Britain and Independence. The British had reached the breaking point with their patience so they set in place some acts to establish British Authority. These acts were called the Intolerable Acts by the Americans and they included • The closing of Boston until the colonists paid for the tea. • The Administration of Justice Act allowed British officials accused of murder while enforcing British law to be trialled in England. • The Massachusetts Government act took away the right of the Massachusetts Assembly to appoint the council that advised the governor. • The Quartering Act required the colonists to provide housing for British troops. • The Quebec Act, which was an attempt to organise the area taken from France, seemed to the colonists to be an unjustified attack on colonial freedom. The British thought this would bring the Americans under control but it did not. Instead, it only made them angrier and all the colonies joined together as one to fight against the British. There were a few important people in the war like Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin and most famously George Washington. Washington was the military commandeer of the Continental Army A few important dates were: -Show MoreRelatedCauses of American War of Independence4459 Words   |  18 PagesThe Causes of American War of Independence The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), also known as the American War of Independence, was a conflict that erupted between Great Britain and revolutionaries within thirteen British colonies, who declared their independence as the United States of America in 1776. The war was the culmination of the American Revolution, a colonial struggle against political and economic policies of the British Empire. The war eventually widened far beyond British NorthRead MoreThe American Revolution And The War Of Independence999 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Revolution, also known as the U.S. War of Independence, goes back to 1765-1783. One of the major effects of the American Revolution was that the colonies became recognized as independent. It was now separated from Great Britain. France joined in and became our allies and helped the colonies in 1778. Since France joined the war, they turned a civil war into an international war. There were a lot of causes that led up to the begin ning and the end of the war. There was a lot of causes thatRead MoreFrench Revolution vs American Revolution1534 Words   |  7 PagesFrench and American Revolution Both the American and French revolutions were focused on liberty and equality. America was trying to gain freedom from the rules, unfair taxation, War debt, and lack of representation from the British. The French Revolution on the other hand wanted to abolish the French monarchy and create a better government in which people could have more of a say in society, and also had similar causes as the American Revolution. They were similar in their causes because bothRead MoreHistory - 10th Grade Short Essays.1379 Words   |  6 Pages VII ESSAY QUESTIONS Grade 10 What qualities in George Washington made him a good choice for commanding the revolutionary army? What were his most valuable contributions to independence? Washington would lead the Patriots to a surprising victory over Great Britain. There are many qualities that made George Washington into the great leader that he was. These qualities can be seen by the many decisions he made throughout hisRead MoreImpact Of War On Society And The Economy899 Words   |  4 PagesThe Impact of War As soon as there were men, there was war. The history of warfare can be traced all the way back to one of the earliest known civilizations, Mesopotamia. Since the development of organized city-states, warfare has been used to settle disputes, including disagreements over land, resources, and religious beliefs. The United States has a long history of warfare in its 224-year history, starting with its fight for independence. Each war fought has had a profound impact on the courseRead MoreThe Unjust American Freedom1447 Words   |  6 PagesFreedom The way the Americans gained independence may not be as valiant as it seems. The war lacked just war criteria despite many arguments. The idea was foolish and unnecessary and proved the lack of development amongst this young territory. Many factors lead to this premature uprising and the French and Indian War is a great reason for most of those factors. The decision by the American colonists to revolt against British rule was premature and overly aggressive. The American plea for a RevolutionRead MoreAmerican Revolution Causes and Importance1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthe causes of the American Revolution. Which cause was most important? Why? Mariah Gutierrez History 1301 Professor Harris September 29, 2013 The American Revolution was a major war within America that got the United States their independence and showed others that they were not a weak nation. There were many causes that lead up to this war and had a great effect on it. The first war we see is the French and Indian War (1754-1763)Read MoreThe Revolutionary War Of Independence1366 Words   |  6 PagesThe American Revolution which began as a War of Independence for American quickly transformed into a civil battle between the American patriots and loyalists joined by Indian forces. This war of independence, irrefutably, had a great effect on the citizens of America in varying degrees. The revolution, of course, gave a free rein to unforeseen political revolutions which often spark social revolutions. However, the American Revolution has foreseen the beginning of an abolitionist movement for AfricanRead MoreSpanish Colonization Of North America993 Words   |  4 Pagesterritory Spain had surpassed ancient Rome as the larges t empire. Exploiting the land, labor, and minerals Spain quickly conquered and settled most of South America, the Caribbean, and the Southwest. Spain used its new wealth to help finance their war in Europe. With promises of riches and many natives to convert to Christianity the Spanish sent conquistadors who brought with them not only superior military technology but also diseases like smallpox, scarlet fever, and the bubonic plague decimatingRead More john adams revolution Essay1408 Words   |  6 Pagesbefore the war commenced (37-38). The Revolution was in the minds and hearts of the people, proving there was a feeling of revolution as soon as people left England to come to the New World (25). The duel for America created a restlessness among the independent minded Americans. However, mother England saw the necessity of holding her colonies. Eventually, tension is felt between the two sides, resulting in colonial unity and the sovereignty of a new republic. There were many causes and effects

Literary Analysis Astrophil And Stella - 1855 Words

‘Astrophil and Stella’ was first published in 1591 by the renowned Elizabethan poet Sir Philip Sidney. The Petrarchan styled sonnet sequence is comprised of 108 verses, and 11 songs in which the speaker, Astrophil shares his innermost thoughts and passions with regards to his love for a woman named Stella, the addressee of his lyric poetry. Each sonnet reconnoitres a slightly different phase of Astrophil’s love for Stella as their circumstances revolt; yet it details little of her fondness for him, as she neither rejects nor reciprocates his love, alluding to a fairly misleading romance. As the sonnets unfold, Stella weds another man, however when Astrophil learns she is miserable in her matrimony, he again becomes profusely engrossed in her. This sequence is significant as Stella eventually returns Astrophil’s adoration, but is ultimately plagued by her morality and cannot participate in carnal affairs with him as she is still wed, and this differentiates prominently with Sidney’s character Astrophil who is consumed with sexual longing for the woman he loves. As a result of Astrophil’s fixated nature, Stella refuses to continue to see him, and the closing sonnets reveal Astrophil’s thoughts and conflicting views on the matter. In the final verse, Astrophil grasps his immoral actions, and is anguished by the absenteeism of Stella from his life; however he feels some respite in knowing she once returned his love. From the three sonnets I have selected, I will now focus uponShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Astrophil and Stella by Sir Phillip Sidney Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of Astrophil and Stella by Sir Phillip Sidney In Sir Philip Sidneys Astrophil and Stella Sonnet 1, there is an observable poetic structure that can be analyzed on a literal as well as a figurative level in an attempt to gain a logical understanding of the poem. Sidneys style of writing appears to be easily interpreted on a literal level, yet there is a deeper and more complex dimension of figurative elements, such as metaphors, that require further exploration and examinationRead MoreLoving Un Truth, and Fain in Verse My Love to Show1407 Words   |  6 PagesPhilip Sidney Analysis 1: Like other creative persons of the period, Sidney also came under the influence of sonneteering. Thus a series of sonnets addressed to a single lady, expressing and reflecting on the developing relationship between the poet and his love grew up. Though the story does not have to be literal autobiography and questions of ‘sincerity’ are hardly answered, Sidney’s love for Stella, on the artistic level, has been traced to love-affair of the poet’s own life. Stella is said toRead MoreSir Philip Sidney and an Analysis of Six of his Poems Essay4370 Words   |  18 PagesOxford, which resulted in his being reprimanded by the Queen, reminding him that he was a mere gentleman and was far from the seventeenth earl of Oxford. (Kuin) Sidney then wrote his Arcadia, a Deference of Poesy (Apology for Poetry), and â€Å"Astrophil and Stella† or star and star lover while staying in a country house with his sister and her husband. The Deference of Poesy combined Cont inental Concepts with English conditions. It was in the form of a legal speech claiming that imaginative writing wasRead MoreRhetorical Devices3007 Words   |  13 Pagesand a number of rhetorical devices are worth considering in any analysis of style. For the analysis of literature a knowledge of rhetorical devices is indispensable, since there is often a considerable density of rhetorical figures and tropes which are important generators and qualifiers of meaning and effect. This is particularly the case in poetry. Especially the analysis of the use of imagery is important for any kind of literary text. (For further details see Analysing a Metaphor and Symbol)

Limitatitons of the Accounting Code of Ethics Free Essays

string(123) " Enron should have kept an element of professionalism; the board of directors should show independence in decision making\." Professional values, ethics, and attitudes. (AC 423) Group Assignment QUESTION: With the advantage of hindsight, what advice would you have given the Enron Board to avoid the 2001 disaster? GROUP MEMBERS 1. Augustine KuparaR082559R 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Limitatitons of the Accounting Code of Ethics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Tonderai NyamadzawoR082987G 3. Simbarashe ChakaR089613J 4 Brighton Nzvuvu R089824H 5. Walter DangerR082990X 6. Simon ChigwandaR075968L 7. Ashley MurisaR082991Y 8. Frank Garatsa R082988H 9. Presely NheweyembwaR076037L 10. Peter DonaldR055241G 11. Shingirayi GweteR089773H BACKGROUND Enron Corporation was formed in 1985 from a merger of Houston Natural Gas and Internorth, Enron Corp. By early 2001, Enron had grown into the 7th largest U. S. Company, and the largest U. S. buyer/seller of natural gas and electricity. It was heavily involved in energy brokering, electronic energy trading, global commodity and options trading, etc. in 2001 Enron started to show major signs of trouble by announcing a huge third-quarter loss of $618 million. On October 22, 2001, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) began an inquiry into Enron’s accounting practices and later that year the company filed for Bankruptcy. Key investigations revealed many shortcomings which include the use of complex dubious accounting schemes to reduce Enron’s tax payments; to inflate Enron’s income and profits; to inflate Enron’s stock price and credit rating; to hide losses in off-balance-sheet subsidiaries; to engineer off-balance-sheet schemes to funnel money to themselves, friends, and family; to fraudulently misrepresent Enron’s financial Enron also used complex dubious energy trading schemes for instance the â€Å"Death Star† Energy Trading Strategy which was aimed at taking advantage of a loophole in the market rules governing energy trading in California. This essay will attempt to advice the Enron Board to avoid the 2001 disaster with the advantage of hindsight by focusing on the major areas in the paragraphs which follow RECOMMENDATIONS THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS AND ITS FIDUCIARY DUTIES The Board, as the head of the organization is supposed to execute its duties and roles professionally and make sure that the company is run efficiently and effectively. It’s supposed to exercise oversight over all the operations of the organization. These duties includes adopting of corporate strategy, annual budget and formal organisational structure, ensuring that risk management structures are in place, the company is complying with the relevant laws and regulations and that adequate controls are in place, to exercise oversight over management operations, to act as a communication channel between management and shareholders and to ensure that financial information of the organisation is reliable and credible. There is need to ensure that the board is properly structured so that t it adds value to the organization. This means that it was supposed to have a chair, at least one the members is financially literate and some of its members are non-executive directors. This would ensure that an independent perspective is brought into the board’s operations that would bring experience and expertise to the board The board supposed to follow its code of conduct in carrying out their duties. This ensures that all the activities it undertakes are in the best interest of the shareholders not themselves. For example, in carrying out their duties, all the board members are supposed to exhibit due care and diligence, to be honest and loyal, to exercise confidentiality on the organizational information and to disclose any conflict of interest. Some of the board members had financial interests in the Special Purpose Entities (SPEs) making large profits but they did not disclose this conflict of interest to the board. This would compromise their objectivity and independence in carrying out their duties. Some of the members of the board were not exercising due care and diligence in their operations. They were aware of the unethical and risky business operations that were taking place within the organisation but they took no action and did not bring it to the attention of the board. These included transactions through SPEs and the paying of unauthorised bonuses to senior officials. They even connived with the auditors to structure and perform some of the illegal transactions that were aimed at falsifying the performance and position of the organisation. The board is also supposed to have other special subcommittees that are aimed at enhancing the operations of the board in areas that need special attention. These include the Audit Committee that is aimed at overseeing the internal and external audit functions and the Remuneration Committee that will be responsible for the salaries and allowances of managers and other senior officials. The role of a company’s board of directors is to oversee corporate management to interests of shareholders. However, in 1999 Enron’s board waived protect the conflict of interest rules to allow chief financial officer Andrew Fastow to create private partnerships to do business with the firm? Transactions involving these partnerships concealed debts and losses that would have had a significant impact on Enron’s reported profits. Enron’s collapse raises the issue of how to reinforce directors’ capability and will to challenge questionable dealings by corporate managers. Specific questions involve independent or â€Å"outside† directors. Stock exchange rules require that a certain percentage of board members be unaffiliated with the firm and its management. ) Should the way outside directors are selected be changed or regulated? Directors are elected by shareholders, but except in very unusual circumstances these are â€Å"Soviet-style† elections, where management’s slate of candidates receives nearly unanimous approval. Should there be restric tions on indirect compensation in the form of, say, consulting contracts or donations to charities where independent board members serve? Should the personal liability of directors in cases of corporate fraud be increased? Do the rules requiring members of the board’s audit committee to be â€Å"financially literate† ensure that the board will grasp the innovative and complex financial and accounting strategies employed by companies like Enron. Several of the auditor reform bills cited above would require the audit committee of a corporation’s board of directors to take a more active role in the selection and supervision of audit work. Enron should have kept an element of professionalism; the board of directors should show independence in decision making. The company must not have any close relationship whatsoever with its auditors. A strict and good system of corporate governance should have been set out , which sets out a clear system of duties of each director. They should have set out a system of segregation of duties that sees each director have an independent duty. AUDIT COMMITTEE Any effective audit committee must have been in place at Enron comprising of purely independent non-executive directors. Members should have an understanding of internal control system and financial and sustainability reporting experience. This committee reviews the accounting practices and approve the financial statements as integrated reporting. Thus the financial reports of Enron would not have been allowed to be published before the approval of the Audit Committee. Review the effectiveness of the internal control environment as well as oversight over the internal and external audit. The Audit Committee recommend to the Board of Directors the engagement, removal and liaise the terms and remunerations with the external auditor. The issue of non-audit services, it is also the responsibility of the committee to define the policy and approve the contracts. Hence the pure independent audit committee it would have not allow Arthur Andersen to exercise multiple roles at Enron. Reports Management are received and reviewed to check whether in line with the approved internal Audit plan and the quality and effectiveness of the external audit function. Risk management is also pivotal in this committee so as to champion the fraud awareness. As an internal auditor, Sherron Watkins should have not directed her anonymous letter to the chairman of the board, Kenneth Lay but to the committee which oversee the internal control system. The Chief Accounting Officer, Richard A Causey who was getting money through the Special Purpose Entities had been once an auditor at Arthur Andersen an issue which should have been closely examined. An effective Audit Committee consider confidential reporting to facilitate whistle blowing. Overall, Audit committee have a combined assurance role thus monitoring the relations between internal and external audit to reduce duplication efforts as well as enhances transparency. AUDITOR ROTATION. The Issue Of Auditor Rotation Is Of Significant To The Quality Of Financial Reports. Auditors Should Be Rotated Every Few Years To Prevent Long Term, Close Ties Between The Enron And The Arthur Andersen Firm. Arthur Andersen is the firm that audited Enron’s books from its inception in 1985 (it was also global crossing auditor). Also there was questionable movement of personnel from between the two companies Richard A Causey, the Chief Accounting Officer had come to Enron after working on Enron audits for Andersen this creates a strong relationship, Familiarity threats and it is easy to can collude with Andersen in perpetuating fraudulent activities. Time should be put at least three years before a member can join Enron from auditing firm. Long term audit client relationships significantly increase the like hood of an unqualified opinion or significantly reduce the auditor’s willingness to qualify the audit reports. Mandatory audit rotation is ideal in maintaining the value of an audit for both the internal and external users. Although recurring auditors have got an advantage to Enron of that they will be auditing the business they know very well its environment and internal controls thereby reducing the chances of the auditor making an audit risk which is the risk that the auditor will give a wrong opinion that the financial statements are not materially misstated when in actual fact they are materially misstated. , however the disadvantages seemingly outweigh the costs of retaining the audits. According to Wallace, 1980 and De Angelo (1981) audit quality is a market assessed joint probability that an auditor will both discover a breach in the client’s accounting system and report the breach. According to Shockley (1982) a long auditor client relationship can have the effect of complacency, lack of innovation, less rigorous audit procedures and a learned confidence in the client may arise after long association with the client. It also gives auditor time to develop a close relationship with the client in this case Enron employees.. After a number of years there is some kind of turning point in the auditor and client relationship which can be detrimental to the auditor’s independence. Before the decision to rotate there is need to assess the quality of the audit client and this can be done in the following ways according to Shockley and Holt 1983, firstly the perceptions of users should be analysed, the pricing of the audit services has to be analysed and in this case Andersen’s firm was receiving a greater percentage of its revenue from Enron hence there is dependent on the company. The nature of the audit opinion has to be analysed it has a greater impact on the reliance with which we can place to the auditing firm. COMPLIANCE TO ACCOUNTING STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS The Enron was involved several accounting issues, one concerns the creation of special purpose entities (SPEs), these were established for the special purpose of covering Enron`s losses and there were also being used to transfer debts outside of the company and would not show up on the balance sheet at year end . The SPEs were supposed to be independent companies however they were headed by Enron former employees, and backed, ultimately, by Enron stock. The second issue was that Enron was also involved in other accounting scandals for example Enron took advantage of the limitations in the standards governing the energy business therefore over valued assets and selling some of decreasing assets to the SPEs at huge mark-ups and there realising the profits in the financial statements. As a resulted of these accounting misappropriations, Enron produced favourable financial statements leading to unapproved bonuses being claimed by employees and directors also providing themselves with obscenely generous stock option grants. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) governs the activities of companies registered on the New York stock exchange. Enron`s management should follow the regulations stated by SEC and also to prepare its financial statement according to the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The accounting information produced by Enron should have been restated to show a fair financial position of the company. The SPEs should be liquidated no further transactions should be carried out between Enron and its related parties. In correcting its transactions Enron should other external auditors other than Arthur Andersen. These investigations should be carried confidentially so as to protect the manage the situation and also to protect Enron`s reputation. COMPENSATION TO EXECUTIVES AND OTHER PERSONNEL Effects of over paying directors it is results in directors losing focus of their core business, that acting their stewardship and accountability functions . Through good corporate governance directors via the agency theory are responsible to the shareholders. Directors are independent form management; they are responsible for making sure management are carrying out their fiduciary duties. However if they are over compensated they are more likely to be inclined to favour management over shareholders, as they is a rise of a self-interest threat With no proper monitoring of the board through a remuneration committee, overpaying results bad corporate governance which affect the companies risk management. It results in problems not been brought to light, allowing them not been addressed. As directors ignore their duties and focus on short term profits and rather than maximising company growth in the long term, this reduces their ability to focus on strategic issues and establishment of unrealistic standards of performance. Decision-making is greatly affected as they will be they will be destruction of the authority line by the two boards who will be responsible for the overall well being of the company. As decision making will have been affected corporate and accounting practises will greatly be affected, which will increase the chances of fraud and error. These might include recording profits earlier and recognising expenses late. Overpaying also results in changes in the ethical culture of the organisation, as the board can select bad managers to run the business because they will be sharing a common perception. Which is lack of concern for long run of the business? Rather the advice would be for Enron to have a director’s board which contains an equal mix of executive and non-executive directors. This would be to ensure independence and accountability at the highest level, this also reduces self-interest threats . It allows for a board which separates itself from the management of the business Rotation of members at frequent intervals to allow for reduction in familiarity threats if members of the board stay for too long ,e. . more than five years they might become familiar with the management Establishment of remuneration committee which monitors the payment of executives, this ensures that directors are paid according to the tasks performed and not for unnecessary duties INDEPENDENCE Independence is when one makes decisions honestly and truthfully both in fact and in appearance and avoids internal and external pressures which may influence the outcome of a decision under review. The Enron scandal showed a number of independency issues being overlooked by the management of the company and instead concentrated on fraudulent profit making strategies which should have been avoided. These fraudulent activities involved the management of the company and their external auditors (Arthur Andersen), the company’s lawyers, consultants and lenders. The advice that l would have given to the management of Enron concerning independent issues was that they should have at first allowed every employee to exercise his or her duties without influence from anyone either internally or external. The management of Enron should have exercised their duties of stewardship to their principles without paying much attention to their excessive and self-centred interest of maximising wealth at the expense of their shareholders. The actions by Mr Ken Lay of forcing all employees to book their corporate travel through his sister’s travel agency was nowhere near independency but only self-interest and greed to accumulate wealth. The board members should have critically analysed the source of the monies they were receiving so as to find facts to justify the revenues. Instead they were only concerned about their packages and approved every idea the management would put before them without taking into consideration the effects of such decisions. This was a clear threat to the board’s independency since they were to choose on whether to be ethical or satisfy their insatiable need for wealth. These high earnings were also received by most of the company’s executives, finance, legal and accounting professionals and they made them to overlook the questionable accounting practices which were yielding these huge packages. The management also needed to take note of their auditor’s operations when carrying out his mandate, there was need to segregate duties between auditing and non-auditing services. Arthur Andersen should have been engaged to one assignment only of auditing and leave the non-auditing services to other so that independent decisions could be made. The board should have rotated their auditors after a reasonable period of time to avoid familiarity and some associated threats to independence. There was need for the board to also discuss the issues of their auditor’s remuneration and other packages they offered so that they could match with the current market trends this would reduce the auditor’s dependency and force them to report any anomalies within the operations of the company. Role of Sell-Side Analysts Sell-side analysts have received considerable criticism for failing to provide an earlier warning of problems at Enron. On October 31, 2001, just two months before the company filed for bankruptcy, the mean analyst recommendation listed on First Call (which compiles and distributes analyst recommendations) for Enron was 1. 9 out of 5, where 1 is a â€Å"strong buy† and 5 is a â€Å"sell. † Even after the accounting problems had been announced in October 2001, reputable institutions such as Lehman Brothers, UBS Warburg and Merrill Lynch issued â€Å"strong buy† or â€Å"buy† recommendations for Enron. Analysts should have not been slow to recognize the problems at Enron. The analysts should not have financial incentives to recommend Enron to their clients. Investment banks earned more than $125 million in underwriting fees from Enron in the period 1998 to 2000, and many of the financial analysts working at these banks received bonuses for their efforts in supporting investment banking. Sell-side analysts must be independent and avoid any self-interest threats which may arise. Corporate Culture Enron has been described as having a culture of arrogance that led people to believe that they could handle increasingly greater risk without encountering any danger. According to Sherron Watkins, â€Å"Enron’s unspoken message was, ‘Make the numbers, make the numbers, make the numbers—if you steal, if you cheat, just don’t get caught. If you do, beg for a second chance, and you’ll get one. ’† Enron’s corporate culture did little to promote the values of respect and integrity. These values were undermined through the company’s emphasis on decentralization, its employee performance appraisals, and its compensation program. Each Enron division and business unit was kept separate from the others, and as a result very few people in the organization had a â€Å"big picture† perspective of the company’s operations. Accompanying this emphasis on decentralization were insufficient operational and financial controls as well as â€Å"a distracted, hands-off chairman, a compliant board of directors, and an impotent staff of accountants, auditors, and lawyers. † Jeff Skilling implemented a very rigorous and threatening performance evaluation process for all Enron employees. Known as â€Å"rank and yank,† the annual process utilized peer evaluations, and each of the company’s divisions was arbitrarily forced to fire the lowest ranking one-fifth of its employees. Employees frequently ranked their peers lower in order to enhance their own positions in the company. Enron’s compensation plan â€Å"seemed oriented toward enriching executives rather than generating profits for shareholders† and encouraged people to break rules and inflate the value of contracts even though no actual cash was generated. Enron’s bonus program encouraged the use of non-standard accounting practices and the inflated valuation of deals on the company’s books. Indeed, deal inflation became widespread within the company as partnerships were created solely to hide losses and avoid the consequences of owning up to problems. Conclusion In conclusion, one can see that a variety of perspectives can be applied to the Enron scandal which could have averted the 2001 disaster. If those charged with the governance of the entity had taken necessary steps in line with what is outlined in this essay, the corporation would not have collapsed. However even if Enron and its outside accountants and lawyers had done nothing improper, the sudden collapse of such a large corporation would suggest basic problems with the U. S. ystem of securities regulation, which is based on the full and accurate disclosure of all financial information that market participants need to make informed investment decisions. The overarching issue raised by Enron is how to improve the quality of information available about public corporations. References * Bob Lyke. CRS Report RS21120, Auditing and its Regulators: Proposals for Reform After Enron. * JOINT COMMITTEE ON TAXATION, 2003 Report of investigation of Enron corporation and related enti ties regarding federal tax and compensation issues, and policy recommendations McLean, Bethany. 2001. â€Å"Is Enron Overpriced? † Fortune. * Paul D. Miller, Brief History of Enron (accessed 27 November 2012) http://www. freegrab. net/enronhist. htm * Paul M. Healy and Krishna G. Palepu, (2003) The Fall of Enron * Powers, William C. , Raymond S. Troubh and Herbert S. Winokur. 2002. â€Å"Report of Investigation by the Special Investigative Committee of the Board of Directors of Enron Corp. † * Steven C. Currall Marc J. Epstein 2003. Lessons From the Rise and Fall of Enron * Watkins, S. , 2002. Email to Eron Chairman Kenneth Lay, How to cite Limitatitons of the Accounting Code of Ethics, Papers

Cultural Affects And Acceptance Of Power In Change Programs - samples

Question: Discuss about the Cultural Affects And Acceptance Of Power In Change Programs. Answer: Change in the organization can be adapted so that it can be done on a regular basis. This helps the organization to remain competitive but still this process does not seem to have taken much into action in most organizations. The studies reveal that one third of the organizations are at a successful place because of the organizational changes done by the leaders(Pieterse, Caniels and Homan 2012). Organizational change is all about reviewing the structure of management and processes in the business. The businesses which are small always have to adapt the changes for their survival in the market where bigger organizations exist. Just because of staying ahead in the market, organizations are always looking for things they can do efficiently in terms of cost and resources. Change should not be taken as a fear in the organizations. Instead it should be taken positively. The power perspectives always emphasizes on the ideologies and the culture which makes the people follow existing order, without any force and dispute. The power of being social requires the certain discourse to become accepted naturally by creating values and practices involved. This type of view communicates the manipulative power(Brown 2012). This essay explores the argument on the cultural affects and acceptance of power in change programs in the organization. They are explored by comparatively applying the power related elements of Hofstedes cultural dimensions to Singapore and Australia. There are several types of power which are used in change management. They are as follows: Legitimate Power: This power refers to authority for a formal position and it develops from the concept of rights of ownership. A huge number of leaders do believe that their power increases when they get promoted to the higher ranks without having personal power or position and their power can also become diluted. Expert Power: Power of the expert never relies on the positions that are formal as the power originates from the people who have technical information or skills and expertise as compared to others. These skilled professionals are promoted to the managerial positions as they perform outstandingly in the functions they are skilled in. The leaders can become what they aspire to be only when they know how to exercise power on their subordinates and peers(Patrick 2012). They will otherwise be good at what they do but will never gain the respect that they need. Coercive Power: This power is present everywhere in organizations. It is known to be a negative form of the power of all. This only aims to influence others by developing fear in them(Mundaute 2003). It never encourages the desired performance but also discourages undesirable actions. Reward Power: This power always gives out results from the workers as they want to earn the rewards. Anything that a worker values can be considered being as rewards. Such as praise, compensation or the most important is promotion. This can also be used as the punishment when the worker has given poor performance by holding up the reward they were about to get. Referent Power: This type of power is gained by relation in between power exercising person and an icon who yields power. People with referent power can also use the power for coercion. For humans, the greatest fear they possess is being social excluded. A social leader just by using a derogatory word can shun anyone out from the community. As it is known that power differs in meaning with different people, it may have both dimensions, be it positive or negative. Power is definitely useful for social change (Cacciattolo 2015). It is on the groups to qualify as to how use of power is understood. Let us see the positive and negative aspects of every power in detail. Referent Power Negative Aspects: If this leadership is made applicable then the leader should have friendly relations with the employees. In case if that is not the case then this type of power will not be helpful in any case. Positive Aspect: If the leader is well equipped with this type of power, he will be followed by lots of loyal followers because the followers will respect him. Coercive Power: Negative Aspects: Very few people can actually follow it. It cannot be tolerable with everybody as it might lead to labor turnover. Also, the subordinates will also feel suffocated in terms of sharing the ideas. Hence, there will be less communication and no source of motivation will exist. As a result, employee might feel unappreciated. Positive Aspect: A few people can easily be motivated to work harder in such conditions. In case if employees respond in the positive way, they will surely provide positive output. In this power, employees can be motivated for acquiring high outcomes. Legitimate Power: Negative Aspects: Leaders can misuse their power in this type of power. The results are not always effective and flexible in organizations. Employees are given power because of the role they play and not because they have skills or talent. Positive Aspect: It enables a higher organization hierarchy. It often increases leaders effectiveness so that they can become strong role models. This type of strong sense of trust might bring good productivity in the organization. Reward Power: Negative Aspects: If the rewards are kept rather than given, it might lose respect in the eyes of the employee. People might consider the perks as reward or not. It depends on person to person and his needs. Positive Aspects: It always promotes good behavior and increases the sales. Also promotes faithfulness for the business. Expert Power: Negative Aspects: This kind of power can make leaders too bossy and overconfident. In this case of power, if the knowledge of the person is shared then his power will be lost with passing time. Also, if the person does not share the knowledge then organizations effectiveness is at stake. Positive Aspects: The staff is obedient. They accept instructions from the leaders. It also offers a few elements for knowledge and skills (Justice 2014). Hofstede in the year 1991 defined culture are the feelings and actions of humans. He believed that the soul of human software is actually the culture. Computer imaginary is used by him to define culture role in the human life. The software role is determined to operate the computer by defining its work. He wanted to focus on the significance of culture by advicing that culture is like software of mind. It drives the humans. Without it the meaning of humans is nothing. Culture will always include visible and invisible behaviors that shape the humans. The model which Hofstede proposed was the national culture which is widely referred by a few researchers in management. Its framework is reliable when national culture samples are concerned (Hofstede 2011). The dimensions of Hofstedes culture consist of: Power distance Index: This reflects an extent of the groups of people who are weak in culture for accepting inequality in allocation of power as normal incident. Though, injustice is that clich thing which is found at every country in every situation but the acceptance level of reality is very different in cultures. However, it would be easy to find existing inequality in some situations which might give color to life. Individual-collective Dimension: This dimension reflects extent to when individuals put their own interests first as compared to the interests of the family or society. Hence, it reflects where people try and remain individuals rather then become a part of the group. Uncertain Avoidance Dimension: It reflects extent to when uncertain situation which are not predictable, creates fear in the people about the culture. Masculine and Feminine Dimensions: The dominant value is always the masculinity of the society which emphasizes affirmativeness and earns good money and material goods. Femininity is used for referring the extent when dominant values of society focus on the relation between humans. Long terms orientation Dimension: This one refers to extent of the cultures realistic perspective for long term and short term orientation. Cultures of long term usually have the value of resilience, prioritizing, prudence and perseverance kind of efforts for building the share in the market instead of pursuing short term profits (Rinuastuti, et al. 2014). Power Dimension: Hofstede stated that dimensional measures to the extent of members of organizations with less power are always distributed unequally. The supervisor is correct because he is superior can be considered as high power and employees working in a particular way because the supervisor is asking them to do so can be considered as low power(George, et al. 2012). When on the collective level, the society has the same concern about the power and also if they accept that a few people must have more power as compared to others, every community has a different level of acceptance which ranges from high to low degree acceptance. That means that power is not different but people are different in terms of levels. Critically it can be noted that power distance as value does not necessarily mean power but it is actually how people look at it. Example: Two people perform the same job and the same job. Within principle, the power gap between boss and the employee is same, though; the wo rkers will look at it the different way. Hence, the gap can be very much different. The first worker may have respect for his boss seeing the power that he possesses while the other can question the boss and challenge his power by asking for the explanation (Mooij and Hofstede 2010). The Hofstede power distance studies have shown that Singapore is characterized by the power distance which is very high. High power distance means Singapore people has a gap between them and the individuals who have higher status or great power. Result of this is that they are more reserved in sharing their opinions. On the other hand, Australia has low power distance. There, individuals feel that they are equal. Every one share their ideas and are comfortable with each other. Singapore consists of low UAI. In such cases, there is high acceptance tolerance for deviations. Hence, emotions generally suppress by social pressure and it rarely leads to aggression. Australia has moderate UAI. Such countries are usually threatened by the uncertainties of life. In countries like these there is greater show of emotions (Tung and Quaddus 2002). Singapore is a collective society which has low IDV score. They have great confidence in making decisions in a group. Australia on the other hand, needs to maintain peace within groups which may be a factor of lower levels of conflicts. Australia and Singapore are both the type of countries which are considered moderate in levels of masculinity. Though, the cultural difference between them might be contrasting by depicting Australia to be moderate in masculinity and Singapore in Femininity (Ghosh 2011). The use of power does not seem to be efficient in Singapore as people do not share their opinion. IN case of organizational change, Singapore should not use the power leadership as people will be able to give the new ideas and since, Asia is the growing market. It would be very helpful. While for Australia, use of power is efficient as people are more liberated there and do share good ideas and new innovations with the society. As a result, it is one of the developed countries in the world. In Australia, 30% is the long term orientation and this 30% is below the half level which is 44% if it is compared with rest of the world. It shows that long term orientation is at a lower level if Australia is talked about. It can also mean that Australia always inclines towards short term. Singapore is very normal in the long and short term orientation index, its products can also be the short term and long term purposes both. From the viewpoint of marketing, products which are marketed to the masculine culture should be the status products which will refer to the achievement and recognition(Leo, Bennett and Cierpicki 2005). Australia is low power distance country where as other Asian countries like Singapore and Hong Kong etc are considered to be high power distance of the spectrum. This essay discusses that leadership is connection between sustainability and development. It provides new views on the behavior and competency of the leaders. With globalization increasing, the influence of cultures is inevitable(Bergiel, Bergiel and Upson 2012). Hofstedes cultural dimensions clearly states about the individual and society cultural differences. In the recent studies, paying attention to the cultural values has become the importance for the business purpose and the behavior. Typical cultural values can lead to ignore difference in individuals in culture values. Finally, the conclusion of the research is based on the differences and the similarities in the value orientation and in decision making style which cannot be ignored as they might influence business and polity economic integration (Abdallah, Denis and Langley 2011). References Abdallah, Chahrazad , Jean Louis Denis, and Ann Langley. "Having your cake and eating it too Discourses of transcendence and their role in organizational change dynamics." Journal of Organizational Change Management 24, no. 3 (2011): 333-348. Bergiel, Erich B. , Blaise J. Bergiel , and John W. Upson. "Revisiting Hofstedes Dimensions: Examining the Cultural Convergence of the United States and Japan." American Journal of Management 12, no. 1 (2012). Brown, Barrett C. "Leading complex change with post-conventional consciousness." Journal of Organizational Change Management 25, no. 4 (2012): 560-575. Cacciattolo, Karen. "ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS: THE POSITIVE NEGATIVE SIDES." European Scientific Journal 11, no. 1 (2015). George, Reece, Keith Nesbitt, Michael Donovan, and John Maynard. "Evaluating Indigenous Design Features Using Cultural Dimensions." Proceedings of the Thirteenth Australasian User Interface Conferenc 126 (2012). Ghosh, Apoorva. "Power Distance in Organizational Contexts- A Review of Collectivist Cultures." The Indian Journal of Industrial Relations 47, no. 1 (2011). Goncalves, Marcus. "Leadership Styles: The Power to Influence Others." International Journal of Business and Social Science 4, no. 4 (2013). Hofstede, Geert. "Dimensionalizing Cultures: The Hofstede Model in Context." Online Readings inPsychology and Culture 2, no. 1 (2011). Justice, Holly. Leadership Sources of Power. 2014. https://www.slideshare.net/HJustice/leadership-sources-of-power-31593945?next_slideshow=1 (accessed February 27, 2018). Leo, Cheryl, Rebekah Bennett, and Steven Cierpicki. "A comparison of Australian and Singaporean consumer decision-making styles." Journal of Customer Behavior 4, no. 1 (2005): 17-45. Mooij, Marieke de, and Geert Hofstede. "The Hofstede model." International Journal of Advertising 29, no. 1 (2010): 85-110. Mundaute, Lourdes. "Power Dynamics and Organizational Change: An Introduction." Applied Psychology: An International Review 52, no. 1 (2003): 1-13. Patrick, Harold Andrew. "Influence of Power Bases on Leadership Strategies Adopted by Managers in Information Technology Organizations." European Journal of Business and Management 4, no. 11 (2012). Pieterse, Jos H., Marjolein C.J Caniels, and Thijs Homan. "Journal of Organizational Change Management." Journal of Organizational Change Management 25, no. 6 (2012): 798-818. Raven, Bertram, and John R.P. French. "The Bases of Power and the Power/Interaction Model of Interpersonal Influence." Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 8, no. 1 (2008): 1-22. Rinuastuti, Handayani, Djumilah Hadiwidjojo, Fatchur Rohman, and Nur Khusniyah. "Measuring Hofstede?s Five Cultural Dimensions at Individual Level and Its Application to Researchers in Tourists? Behaviors." International Business Research 7, no. 12 (2014). Tung, Lai Lai , and M. A. Quaddus. "Cultural differences explaining the differences in results in GSS: implications for the next decade." Decision Support Systems 33 (2002): 177-199.

York As They Saw It an Example of the Topic History Essays by

York As They Saw It The city of York has gone through several incarnations since its founding by the Romans in 71 AD, from its time as a fortress city to being one of the cultural, economic and religious centers of the U.K., York has been an important part of the history of the region. With each succeeding occupation from the Romans, to the Vikings to finally the English York has been adapted to suit the needs of its inhabitants and it shows through the diverse relics of architecture, cultural backgrounds and social nuances that have ingrained themselves into the population and landscape of the area. It is through the study of historical text and architectural ruins that we are able to have a glimpse into diverse history of the region, just as King George once remarked 'The history of York is the history of England' we are able to see the history of the country in nutshell so to speak since the city itself has been occupied by the Romans, Saxons, Vikings and Normans, been the scene of numerous battles t hat have shaped the nation in what it is today and as such is rich in the sort of architectural and cultural history that is unique to the British nation. This paper seeks to show the different architectural, cultural and social changes that have happened to York through numerous historical accounts and how all of these changes that it has inherited have culminated in the present. Need essay sample on "York As They Saw It" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed During the time of King Edward the city of York took on a different appearance than what it had not the past, gone were the massive fortifications needed to fend off a potential Viking attack rather what happened was the creation of a city geared towards royalty and religion in the article written by Palliser it was stated that 'William of Malmesbury elaboration of the city was such that he described it as being second only to Canterbury.' It is from this statement that we can surmise that York was evolving into a center of trade and commerce within the U.K. However, York was too 'near to barbarian peoples (Danish)' and the 'English kings and their Norman successors paid more attention to the south than to the north' During the Medieval Era York underwent a transformation from its state as a dilapidated fortress city to a city of economic religious importance in the North ('York... in circuit it is great but not in population or in wealth; in respect these matters it falls much behind London.'- John Major). The city walls that were initially erected by the Romans and enhanced by the Vikings were rebuilt and strengthened. As such structures previously made out of wood were turned into stone and fortified gates were included to regulate the incoming and outgoing traffic in the city. The Minster within the city was rebuilt and made grander than it previously was as well as numerous other churches resulting in a rich architectural history for the area ('York is the second city of England, the most beautiful in the region and indeed of the whole North, as well as its principal fortress. It is pleasant, large, and strongly fortified, adorned with private as well as public buildings , crammed with riche s and its people'- William Camden). During the civil war era numerous buildings within York were destroyed due to the siege on the city ('-it has been sufficiently raised by the mosses, by it several ruins and devastations; and you cannot dig anywhere, almost, but you meet with burnt earth, ciders and stone pavements..'- Francis Drake). As such previous architectural accomplishments during the medieval era were lost. Fortunately though damage to the city's churches and York Minster was minimal ('-haith in it a most beautiful cathedral and a chapter house, both which are famous all over the world. It has a castle and a tower plated with ordnance which commands the city.'- Marmaduke Rawdon) . Georgian era York was said to be a period of great social and cultural growth for the city of York especially for that of the affluent members of society. York at this era though declining as a trading and administrative center for the region became a gathering place for the rich and well to do. As such numerous private houses and public building catering towards the affluent sprung up in York ('The dimensions of it are as follows, the entrance strikes the mind with the awe which is the result of the magnificence arising from the vastness; but I never met with any thing in the proportion of a gothic cathedral that was either too great or too pleasing'- Arthur Young) . Victorian era York could be described as the era of York's industrialization and inauguration into the modern age. With the advent of the railroad in York in 1839, the city became a hub for railway transportation due to its location between London and Edinburgh. The result was a rapid industrialization of the region and the decay of Georgian era housing. The factory and the work shop became more preeminent than the old fashioned Georgian homes of the elite that the city was famous for. It was due to this rapid industrialization that pollution became a problem for its inhabitants. Not all signs of old fashioned housing went away, it was due to the rapid industrialization that numerous fortunes were made by industrialists resulting in the creation of Victorian age dwellings and mansions which were synonymous with the rich and elite at the time (Pallister, 2009). York has gone through several incarnations in the past from its rise in the Medieval period, to its stagnation and decay in the Civil war period, to its appeal to the burgess in the Georgian era to finally its rapid industrialization in the Victorian era. Through each incarnation York has both gained and lost a part of itself whether it be an architectural structure to a part of its culture that disappeared due to either expedience or a lack of significance for it. As such it can be said that York was created as a result of gain and loss wherein through the years it wasn't able to keep everything that it came across but was able to retain enough to make it a truly culturally significant location that shows the history of an entire country with the area of a few square miles. References: David and Mary Palliser, York as they saw it-from Alcuin to Lord Esher, York: William Sessions, 1979

buy custom Psychopaths essay

buy custom Psychopaths essay Sociopaths or psychopaths is a term used to describe individuals who lack conscience or feeling for others and does not consider social rules to have any meaning. It is very probable that at one time or the other we come across sociopathic individuals without knowing it, since they cover a much broader spectrum than we would imagine. They are social predators and they manipulate, charm, and ruthlessly work their way through life (Patrick, 2006). Psychopaths never have any sense of guilt or regret, regardless of the fact that they leave behind shattered expectations and a broad trail of broken hearts on bewildered victims who are left wondering what kind of people psychopaths really are. Psychopaths are morally depraved individuals who commit planed, purposeful and emotionless violence. When these persons are 50 years of age, the violence is at a plateau then it tampers off. They reflect a detached, fearless, dissociated state, revealing a low-state automatic nervous system and lack of anxiety due to lack of emotions. Their most probable motivator is control and dominance as have no strong bonds with or much rhyme to their reason with others Many are times psychopaths are thought to be the disturbed criminals who are on headlines and are crowded in a nations prison. However, this is not always the case as they might be individuals who live in supreme self confidence bu lack conscience since not all psychopaths are killers. Due to this lack of conscience it is thus evident that psychopaths are likely to engage in criminal behavior (Cooke, 2001). Psychopaths are influenced to commit a crime by several factors. Lack of guilt, shame and a combination of a tendency for impulsive risk-taking can lead to a criminal career or a business one depending on the circumstances. Their conquest is based on manipulation and lying. A debate concerning this issue has been provoked on whether the phenomenon is just an aberration or whether it is favored by natural selection especially when it is found rare in a given population. Prisons are perfect places to keep psychopathic individuals in order to protect ourselves, otherwise without them; even crime is the preferred remedy of safeguarding ourselves. The factors that would reduce the likelihood of a psychopathic engaging in criminal behaviors is by firm refusal of having a nervous breakdown anytime they deny reality or claim that we are suffering from delusions and that we are not mentally stable (Hill et al, 2004). Victims should also learn to have a good memory as opposed to the psychopaths selective memories which only allow them remember things that only suit their purpose. This way we will challenge their wits and make thhem reluctant in committing their evil acts whenever persons that challenged them are concerned. The other most convenient tool of curbing criminal acts by psychopaths is by avoiding them especially if you suspect what they are. In a biological point of view, it affects both sexes although similar to color blindness biologically. Psychologically, a deficit picture is seen among men only, since it is toned down among women by an effect of a second normal allele. The condition is inherited through a semi-dominating gene via the X chromosome (Patrick, 2006). Psychopaths can be appropriately discussed under the psychological theory. This is mostly due to the lack of conscience and the fact that not all psychopaths have inherited the trait. Whether or not psychopathic character is as a result of brain disorganization or dysfunction, abnormal cerebral asymmetry, or general difficulties in information processing or simply psychological effects, it is a vice the needs to be curbed. Psychopath pulls down development and breaks decent families. It is a social setback that needs to be dealt with using all available suitable means. The improving of boardrooms or prisons is among the best measures that curb this evil vice and need to be upheld to have a better human environment. Buy custom Psychopaths essay

Microsoft and Apple Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microsoft and Apple - Case Study Example Microsoft's intelligent and rather unfair business strategies have helped in making it the biggest name in the business by dominating every new comer on the market but Apple is the only company to have fought back. This is because of its large quantity of unusually fond customers who will not shift to any other operating software no matter how hard they try, and Microsoft has tried, and is still trying. Being such huge companies one would assume that they would have strict rules of what to wear and strict Sop's (standard operating procedures) but no. Both companies are innovation based. The directors of both companies know that if you want an employee to be very creative and innovative then you have to let them feel relaxed while working and they follow in this path themselves. The culture of both companies is one where every software developer would dream of working. Microsoft in particular takes out a lot of time and effort to hand pick new software developers out of good universities and trains them to extreme levels while spending a lot of money in making them satisfied with their jobs so they can in turn give something as good back to the company. Apple is no different. It is full of highly innovative professionals who know their work so well that they have moved the company from only being a computer and software related company to a full electronics and accompanied Software Company. Microsoft's basic ideology is to provide every customer the taste of Microsoft's innovation and excellence by making them use their software. The company's main goal is to have the whole world running their operating software in all types of electronic machines. At Microsoft, honesty, integrity and constructive self improvement is highly praised. Apple's base ideological principles are a little different, though mostly the same. they do not plan world domination, but instead believe on slow and steady progress in first making a piece of cutting edge and incredible stylish hardware, then designing a flawless operating software for it which is so pleasing for the user and is so graphic intensive that customers will never want to switch to any alternate. Branching out into the whole electronic goods market and inventing good solid consumer electronic goods across a range of markets is what Apple does best. Business Change The flagship Microsoft products are the Microsoft windows and the Microsoft office productivity suites. The current edition of Microsoft windows is Windows Vista and office suite is the Microsoft Office 2007. Released in early 2007, windows vista has come under a lot of criticism simply because of one reason, it is not perceived as being better compared to its predecessor, Windows XP, which was launched in 2001. Microsoft is adamant that Vista's new kernel and code written from scratch is the very thing which makes it unique and better but the bottom line for most users is that it takes up too much space on the hard disk, is not more productive than XP and even though it is much better in security, an issue which was extremely lacking in XP, the price for it is too high and as Vista is designed for the latest machines with at least a 2.8GHZ Intel compatible processor, a good high end graphics card and at least 2GB of RAM, the cost of hardware alone for most organizations is too much before they even think of buying the top spec version dubbed windows Vista

Root Cause of the Problem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Root Cause of the Problem - Essay Example However, serve category retailers raises a range of problems for Clearwater. Firstly, Clearwater is a well-reputed brand and supplying the category retailers its products without additional marketing leaves no difference between an ordinary brand and Clearwater. Its identity gets merged into the identity of category retailers unless additional money and effort is vested in advertising and marketing of its products. Secondly, in order to make money by supplying its products to the category retailers, not only does Clearwater need to customize the quality and features of its products to the needs of the category retailers, but it also needs to change and modify its supply system in a number of ways in order to accommodate the needs of efficiency and quantity along with quality of the category retailers. Thirdly, Clearwater is not used to such a supply system and it needs to make significant changes in its business practices in order to be successful with and get used to the changes. La ck of experience in this regard thus surfaces as another challenge. The growing popularity of the category retailers and the simultaneous decreasing profitability of Clearwater’s business is the problem. Category retailers are just as important, if not more, as the target audience or consumers for a manufacturer. They can both make and break a business. In order to solve the problem, Clearwater needs to make a cost vs benefit analysis of the two approaches. The first approach is to continue selling its products through traditional department stores. In this case, Clearwater should estimate how much loss has been incurred in terms of lost profitability in the recent years and estimate further losses into the future on its basis. The second approach is to estimate the cost of modifying business practices, customizing to address the needs of the category retailers, and the cost of continued marketing and weigh it against the estimated  profitability achieved by selling its products through the category retailers. Clearwater should go with whichever approach proves more economical and profitable.

Career Goal Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Career Goal - Case Study Example A student learning business must have good analytical abilities, solid mathematical understanding, good communication skills, and the ability to identify problems and find solutions. Accounting is the discipline in business dedicated to identifying, tracking, recording and analyzing economy activity. The information is tracked in an accounting information system. In order for a person to succeed in this type of work the individual must be good following specific procedures and algorithms to perform their job duties. The specialty I desired to study at the graduate level is international finance. Wall Street has always opened up my curiosity. To me Wall Street is the place to be as a finance enthusiast, on the other side of the hemisphere the city of London is a place were high level financial activity is taking place right now. The stock market in both these cities is a main driver of economic activity. The investors in these areas of the world now know exactly how the information involving reporting of financial information will look like since in Europe public must utilize international financial reporting standards while in the United States public entities must follow the general accepted accounting principles. According to Salary.com the median starting salary for an Accountant

Impacts of Adderall Abuse

Impacts of Adderall Abuse The Abuse of Adderall (Blog Project) By Monisha, Kyle, and Sashwat Ethics of Adderall With the recent surge in illegal Adderall use by students, there has been many concerns with the ethics of illicit use. There is three ways you could look at it. One way is the way that is currently being used now, in which we say this is an illegal aid to memory, alertness, and therefore we ban it. The second way to look at it would be that we use all kinds of aids in helping us be more alert and remember better, such as coffee, which is very useful, but it is not banned. In the future, there is a likely chance that new drugs come on the market, which enable us to be much more intelligent than we are right now, so are we then going to say We have no interest in being smarter?. The third was of looking at it would concern the grading of students. One group of students will be using Adderall and another wont, so does that mean we will be wanting better performance from the group that does use it in order to get an A? Will be then be lenient with regards to the non users in terms of a chieving a high mark? The ethics of the use is not black-and-white, such as its legality and risks involved. Whenever there is a discussion of the advantages of students using Adderall, there will be without a doubt a comparison to steroids. The comparison usually forms this logic: Adderall helps to get ahead in class. Steroids allow you to get ahead in sports. Consequently, Adderall is just like a steroid, and steroids are cheating, which in turn makes Adderall bad. The problem with this argument is that sports and academics are two distinct fields. In sports, the outcome of the match only matters to the players and those directly associated with them. However, cognitive enhancement is different in that it is not a zero-sum game. If a student uses Adderall to further his education, that in no way affects any other student. Furthermore, when discussing research, using cognitive enhancements to develop a breakthrough in cancer research is beneficial to society, unlike when athletes use steroids in a selfish attempt to improve their own statistics. The use of Adderall in research could benefit all of mankind. However, there is still some issues of fairness that arises when discussing the use of Adderall in university. The reason for this is that students are usually not marked in vacuum, but on a curve, so if a student uses the drug to get ahead of her classmates, it will directly affect the whole class. An easy solution to this would be to legalize the use of Adderall and let all student takes it. However, that leads to another issue of fairness, in that drugs are expensive, and the legalization of Adderall will turn into a socioeconomic problem. Wealthy student would be able to purchase more of the drug than poorer students, as a result further widening the gap between the wealth and the non-wealthy students. How does Adderall work? The drug is a combination of two stereoisomers of amphetamine, which is a stimulant, and related to street drugs such as methamphetamine and ecstasy. The chemical structure of Adderall is close to that of family of neurotransmitters called catecholamine, which includes dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Adderalls similarity to these brain chemicals allows it to mimic the same actions. The catecholamine family functions in the area of the brain that is responsible for arousal and emotion. For example, dopamine has a crucial role in the pleasure and reward system, while norepinephrine is involved in the sympathetic nervous system, the same system that controls our flight or fight response. Finally epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, also partakes in the flight or fight response, and is involved in the rush we feel when exited or nervous. By being a catecholamine agonist, Adderall recreates these same sensations by binding to the receptors for epinephrine in the adrenal gland, and norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. In addition, Adderall also blocks transporters the remove catecholamine to end the response, and instead allows for some reverse transport of the endogenous catecholamines out of the neuron and into the receptor so they too can bind. Adderall essentially overloads the brain with chemicals the leave us alert, ecstatic, and ready to take the day. But, like any drugs, Adderall also has some negative side effects. By causing an intense arousal, the drug can lead to anxiety and insomnia, which has the chance to manifest into a schizophrenia like psychosis . The side effects are not only limited to the brain. Adderall can affect the body as well, causing an increase in blood pressure and an elevated heart rate. This is not good for people who already have pre-existing heart problems. Finally, like all drugs, such as caffeine, Adderall has the prospective of being addictive, which is why it is a Schedule II Controlled Substance, in the same group as opium, methamphetamine, cocaine, and oxycodone, which all have a high risk of dependence. WHAT IS ADHD? ADHD or Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder is a very common psychiatric brain disorder. It is usually diagnosed between the ages of 7 and 12. Once it has been diagnosed, there are medications (which will be discussed later) to help deal with it, but there are no found cures to get rid of it. About 50% of people loose it as they age into their adulthood, but there are no ideas as to why this happens. It affects about 6% of children and therefore 3% of adults. ADHD slows the maturation of certain parts of the brain, which help with, strategic thought, making quick decisions and of course focusing. The symptoms first begin to show up as a child or young adolescent. When being clinically diagnosed, it is very hard to do so due to the fact that many people do not like to focus on things that bore them. It is difficult to tell whether someone is not focusing because they can’t or because they don’t want to. With that being said, some other symptoms include: loosing things, not following instructions, and not being organized. Not all of these symptoms always apply, and often times very few of them do. The Stigma There is an existing stigma that people with ADHD are less intelligent than others who do not have it. Intelligence is defined as: â€Å"1) the ability to adapt to the environment and 2) the ability to learn from previous experience.† People who have ADHD often do score lower on tests, but it has nothing to do with intelligence. It is just the fact that a test requires constant mental effort, which is something people with ADHD have trouble with. On a long test, people with ADHD are easily distracted and therefore may lose time on a test that way, or speed through questions without wanting to put in as much time and effort as someone who doesn’t have it. If tests were shorter than there would be very little difference in test scores of people with and without ADHD. When testing for ADHD, kids are given tests, which involve a wide range of problems and it is found that problems that can be answered in one step (math or patterns) are done very well, compared to longer que stions (English based). The Solutions (Drug Free) As with many disorders, there are a multitude of ways to combat it, without the use of drugs. One simple solution is exercise. Exercising is a helpful way to help release stress physically, and to help combat ADHD. By releasing stress, kids are more likely to sit down and focus, whether it is studying or taking a test. Additionally playing sports encourages them to focus on something that they love or are passionate about, and by having this as an example, it teaches them that focusing is possible even if it is on something they don’t like as much. Additionally, there is another method to help people with ADHD focus. This is known as mindfulness based cognitive therapy. MBCT is a therapeutic way to help people with ADHD relax and focus. It focuses on being aware of their surroundings and being one with their body and mind. People who begin this meditation can begin with as little as 30 seconds per day, just sitting somewhere quiet and meditating. This can move upwards past 30 minutes, if it works. When silently meditating, it works best when the person envisions them self succeeding at something whether it is a test, presentation, or just another aspect of their life (staying organized). By imagining themself succeeding in a peaceful environment, it often actually translates to the real world. Adderall Controversies While Adderall can be a very helpful drug to people who suffer from ADHD, it can also be quite harmful as well, especially to people who take it without having ADHD. Because Adderall is helpful when it comes to focusing, some people, who need to focus in their daily lives, take it without the need to. This is problematic because Adderall was designed for ONLY people who have ADHD, not for everyone. Unnecessarily taking Adderall is especially popular with students who are in high school or post secondary learning institutions. Adderall greatly increases the amount of time one can focus at once, and the quality of the focus. Therefore, illegal Adderall distribution and consumption is a problem, especially in high-end universities and colleges. Students, who have trouble focusing, or simply do not want to, may take Adderall to help them focus, when stuffing for a test or exam. In 2006 researches from the University of Kentucky found out that 34% of the people they interviewed admitted t o illegal Adderall usage to help gain an edge in their classes. Additionally, an interview with one student, he said that Adderall not only increased the quality of his study time, but the quantity as well. He stated that he achieved the highest marks in his class and got perfect on his final exam, due to Adderall. The previous year when he hadn’t taken it, he did not achieve nearly as good results. Another study conduced by the University of Southern California stated that of the students they found taking illegal Adderall, 95% of them had simply faked the signs and symptoms in order to receive the prescription. With numbers like this it is clear that Adderall should be harder to get, and the diagnosis should be more thorough. Abuse and Problems If Adderall helps people with ADHD and helps people who don’t have it, isn’t it a good thing? It’s a win-win for everyone and higher test results for everyone. WRONG. Improper use of Adderall can lead to harsh side effects, which may all together counteract the improved studying. Just because it helps with studying doesn’t mean it helps with other aspects of your life as well. Improper Adderall use can lead to severe sleeping problems, including, not being able to fall asleep, not being able to stay asleep, and shortened REM cycles. This would definitely counteract better studying, and would take a toll on the body as well. Additionally, some other symptoms of Adderall abuse include: headaches, stomachaches, sweating, nausea, changes in sex drive, and as mentioned earlier, sleeping problems. Furthermore, with increased consumption of Adderall without a prescription can lead to: blurred vision, seizures, shaking limbs, and paralysis. With all these risks it is clear that Adderall is not a beneficial way to achieve higher test scores.

New Economic Imperialism Essays -- Essays Papers

New Economic Imperialism Those in power define national interests as the preservation of the existing set of economic, social, and political relationships. Therefore, the national interest of the supranational capitalist society is the interests of the upper class, allied throughout the globe. The United States capitalist class has proposed to preserve and extend U.S. capitalism by a policy of empire building to satisfy the need for large export markets that could supply cheap inputs and guarantee consumption. The road to the current economic imperial structure prevalent in international affairs is a long and complicated one. During the twentieth century the capitalist elite began forming organizations in which to formulate and implement their policies on the supranational level, most of which were founded by John D. Rockefeller based on principles developed by Cecil Rhodes. These included the Council on Foreign Relations, Trilateral Commission and countless others scattered throughout the developed world. During the 1940s they began to create institutions with real power, sanctioned by nation-states, which would have the ability to implement policies on the international level, something they needed. These included the United Nations, the political arm, NATO, the military arm, and the two monetary funds created during the conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944: the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. It was decided international monetary instit utions were needed to â€Å"stabilize currencies and to facilitate programs of capital investments for constructive undertakings in backward and underdeveloped regions.† (Sklar 148) Corporations would float bonds guaranteed by the ... ... Subsequently, a global imperialistic strategy has developed designed to keep developing countries in a position where the West wants them. Works Cited â€Å"IMF funding system unfair – Mugabe†. Mon, 04 Jun 2001. Mohan, Giles, et al. Structural Adjustment: Theory, Practice, and Impacts. New York: Routledge, 2000. Munoru, John. â€Å"Zimbabwe: IMF Applies More Pressure†. 1999. Onimode, Bade. The IMF, The World Bank and The African Debt: The Economic Impact. London ; Atlantic Highlands, N.J., USA : Zed Books, 1989. Shaoul, Jean. â€Å"IMF Tightens The Screws on Zimbabwe†. 18 August 1999. Sklar, Holly. Trilateralism and Elite Planning For World Management. Boston : South End Press, 1980.